Physics Calculators

No black boxes. Each calculator solves for any variable, converts units, validates inputs and shows the full step-by-step working.

⚡ Electricity & Magnetism

🧮 Capacitance Calculator — C = Q/V

$C = \frac{Q}{V}$

Capacitance from stored charge and voltage, or solve for Q or V.…

🧮 Electric Field Strength Calculator — E = F/q

$E = \frac{F}{q}$

Field strength from force on a test charge, or solve for F or q.…

🧮 Electric Potential Calculator — V = kq/r

$V = k\frac{q}{r}$

Voltage at a distance from a point charge (k = 8.988×10⁹ built in).…

🧮 Electrical Power Calculator

$P = IV$

Electrical power calculator: solve P = IV for power, current, or voltage with steps.…

🧮 Magnetic Force Calculator — F = qvB sin θ

$F = qvB\sin\theta$

Lorentz force on a moving charge in a magnetic field.…

🧮 Ohm's Law Calculator

$V = IR$

Ohm's law calculator: solve V = IR for voltage, current, or resistance with unit conversion.…

🧮 RC Time Constant Calculator — τ = RC

$\tau = RC$

How fast a capacitor charges or discharges through a resistor.…

💧 Fluid Mechanics

🧮 Buoyant Force Calculator — F_b = ρVg

$F_b = \rho V g$

Archimedes' upward force on a submerged object (water: ρ = 1000 kg/m³).…

🧮 Flow Rate Calculator — Q = Av

$Q = Av$

Volume flow rate from pipe area and fluid speed.…

🧮 Underwater Pressure Calculator — P = P₀ + ρgh

$P = P_0 + \rho g h$

Absolute pressure at depth in water (P₀ = 101,325 Pa, ρ = 1000 kg/m³ built in).…

🚀 Classical Mechanics

🧮 Acceleration Calculator

$a = \frac{v - u}{t}$

Calculate acceleration, final velocity, initial velocity, or time using a = (v − u) / t, with units …

🧮 Angular Velocity Calculator — ω = Δθ/Δt

$\omega = \frac{\Delta\theta}{\Delta t}$

How fast something spins: angle swept per unit time.…

🧮 Centripetal Acceleration Calculator — a = v²/r

$a = \frac{v^2}{r}$

The inward acceleration that keeps objects moving in circles.…

🧮 Escape Velocity Calculator — v = √(2GM/r)

$v_e = \sqrt{\frac{2GM}{r}}$

The speed needed to break free of a planet's gravity forever.…

🧮 Free Fall Calculator

$t = \sqrt{\frac{2h}{g}}, \quad v = gt$

Free-fall calculator: find fall time, drop height, or impact velocity. Full steps with units.…

🧮 Friction Force Calculator

$f = \mu N$

Friction force calculator: solve f = μN for friction, coefficient, or normal force.…

🧮 Gravitational Force Calculator — F = Gm₁m₂/r²

$F = G\frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}$

Newton's law of universal gravitation: force between any two masses.…

🧮 Impulse Calculator — J = FΔt

$J = F\Delta t$

Impulse: force applied over time, equal to change in momentum.…

🧮 Kinetic Energy Calculator

$KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$

Kinetic energy calculator: solve KE = ½mv² for energy, mass, or velocity with steps.…

🧮 Momentum Calculator

$p = mv$

Momentum calculator: solve p = mv for momentum, mass, or velocity with steps.…

🧮 Newton's Second Law Calculator (F = ma)

$F = ma$

Newton's second law calculator: solve F = ma for force, mass, or acceleration with unit conversion.…

🧮 Orbital Velocity Calculator — v = √(GM/r)

$v = \sqrt{\frac{GM}{r}}$

The speed needed to stay in a circular orbit around a planet or star.…

🧮 Potential Energy Calculator

$PE = mgh$

Gravitational potential energy calculator: solve PE = mgh for energy, mass, or height.…

🧮 Power Calculator

$P = \frac{W}{t}$

Power calculator: solve P = W/t for power, work, or time with unit conversion.…

🧮 Projectile Range Calculator

$R = \frac{v_0^2 \sin 2\theta}{g}$

Calculate projectile range, launch speed, or launch angle with R = v₀²·sin(2θ)/g. Steps shown.…

🧮 Speed and Velocity Calculator

$v = \frac{d}{t}$

Calculate average speed, distance, or time with automatic unit conversion and step-by-step working.…

🧮 Hooke's Law Calculator — F = kx

$F = kx$

Spring force from stiffness and stretch, or solve for k or x.…

🧮 Elastic Potential Energy Calculator — PE = ½kx²

$PE = \frac{1}{2}kx^2$

Energy stored in a stretched or compressed spring.…

🧮 SUVAT Calculator — s = (u + v)t / 2

$s = \frac{(u + v)t}{2}$

Find displacement from average velocity, or solve for any velocity or time.…

🧮 SUVAT Displacement Calculator — s = ut + ½at²

$s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2$

Calculate displacement, initial velocity, acceleration or time under constant acceleration.…

🧮 SUVAT Calculator — v² = u² + 2as

$v^2 = u^2 + 2as$

Relate velocities, acceleration and displacement without needing time.…

🧮 SUVAT Velocity Calculator — v = u + at

$v = u + at$

Find final velocity, initial velocity, acceleration or time for constant acceleration motion.…

🧮 Torque Calculator — τ = rF sin θ

$\tau = rF\sin\theta$

Rotational force: lever arm, applied force and angle, solved any way.…

⚛️ Modern Physics

🧮 Half-Life Calculator — N = N₀(½)^(t/h)

$N = N_0\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{t/h}$

Remaining quantity after radioactive decay, or solve for time or half-life.…

🧮 Photoelectric Effect Calculator — KE = E − Φ

$KE_{max} = E_{photon} - \Phi$

Max electron kinetic energy from photon energy and work function.…

🧮 Radioactive Activity Calculator — A = λN

$A = \lambda N$

Decays per second from decay constant and number of nuclei.…

🔭 Optics

🧮 Lens Equation Calculator

$\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{d_o} + \frac{1}{d_i}$

Lens equation calculator: solve 1/f = 1/do + 1/di for focal length, object or image distance.…

🧮 Lens Magnification Calculator — m = −dᵢ/dₒ

$m = -\frac{d_i}{d_o}$

Magnification from image and object distances, with sign convention explained.…

🧮 Snell's Law Angle Calculator — n₁sin θ₁ = n₂sin θ₂

$n_1\sin\theta_1 = n_2\sin\theta_2$

Refraction angle from indices and incidence angle, solved any way.…

🔥 Thermodynamics

🧮 Carnot Efficiency Calculator — η = 1 − Tc/Th

$\eta = 1 - \frac{T_c}{T_h}$

The maximum possible efficiency of any heat engine.…

🧮 Heat Transfer Calculator — Q = mcΔT

$Q = mc\Delta T$

Heat needed to change an object's temperature.…

🧮 Ideal Gas Law Calculator

$PV = nRT$

Ideal gas law calculator: solve PV = nRT for pressure, volume, moles, or temperature (kelvin).…

🧮 RMS Molecular Speed Calculator — v = √(3kT/m)

$v_{rms} = \sqrt{\frac{3kT}{m}}$

Average speed of gas molecules from temperature (k = 1.380649×10⁻²³ built in).…

🌊 Waves & Oscillations

🧮 Doppler Effect Calculator — f′ = fv/(v − vₛ)

$f' = f\frac{v}{v - v_s}$

Observed frequency when a sound source moves toward you (v = 343 m/s built in).…

🧮 Pendulum Period Calculator — T = 2π√(L/g)

$T = 2\pi\sqrt{\frac{L}{g}}$

Period of a simple pendulum from its length (g = 9.81 m/s² built in).…

🧮 Sound Intensity Calculator — I = P/A

$I = \frac{P}{A}$

Calculate sound intensity from acoustic power and area.…

🧮 Spring-Mass Period Calculator — T = 2π√(m/k)

$T = 2\pi\sqrt{\frac{m}{k}}$

Oscillation period of a mass on a spring.…

🧮 Standing Wave Frequency Calculator — fₙ = nv/2L

$f_n = n\frac{v}{2L}$

Harmonic frequencies of a string or pipe fixed at both ends.…

🧮 Wave Equation Calculator (v = fλ)

$v = f\lambda$

Wave equation calculator: solve v = fλ for wave speed, frequency, or wavelength.…

🧮 Wave Period Calculator — T = 1/f

$T = \frac{1}{f}$

Convert between a wave's period and its frequency.…