Lens Magnification Calculator — m = −dᵢ/dₒ

Magnification tells you how much bigger (and which way up) the image is. Negative means inverted — the normal case for real images.

How to interpret the result

m = −2 means the image is twice as tall as the object and upside down. A positive m would be upright (virtual image, like a magnifying glass).

Assumptions

• Thin-lens sign convention: distances measured from the lens
• Real-is-positive convention