Bose–Einstein Statistics
Definition
The rulebook for sociable particles — photons and helium-4 atoms love crowding into the same quantum state.
Technical definition
Bosons (integer spin) follow n = 1/(e^((E−μ)/kT) − 1); unlimited occupancy per state enables Bose–Einstein condensation and lasers.
Example
A laser works because photons are bosons — trillions pile into one identical state, marching in perfect lockstep.
Common confusion
Bose–Einstein condensation is not freezing into a solid. The atoms remain a gas — they simply all sink into the same quantum ground state, acting as one 'super-atom'.